Which of the following is NOT one of the four orientation systems?

The orientation systems are essential for maintaining balance and spatial awareness. These systems help individuals understand their position in space and react accordingly to changes in their environment. The primary orientation systems include the visual system, vestibular system, and proprioceptive system.

The visual system relies on information from the eyes to gauge spatial orientation, while the vestibular system, located in the inner ear, helps detect changes in head position and movement, contributing significantly to balance. The proprioceptive system provides feedback about body position and movement through sensory receptors in muscles and joints.

Gustatory, associated with the sense of taste, is not involved in orientation or balance, which is why it does not belong to the group of orientation systems. Each of the other options—visual, vestibular, and by extension proprioceptive—are directly involved in spatial awareness and maintaining equilibrium.